Please read carefully the footnotes below to correctly interpret the data

RU: Research Universities
UAS: Universities of Applied Sciences
Ratio: Total/(1,000,000 inhabitants)
tbp: Data will be published soon
n.a.: Data is not available due to non-existence/changes in the national archival system

In all countries included in this study, except Ireland, Latvia, Norway, Portugal, and Sweden, PhD degrees are only awarded by traditional Universities and not by University of Applied Sciences/University Colleges.

(RU) Belgium

Numbers are not available since the statistics on Doctoral (PhD) students is reported combined across the entire field of Sciences or Engineering [BE3, BE4].

(RU) Belgium

Numbers are not available since the statistics on Doctoral (PhD) students is reported combined across the entire field of Sciences or Engineering [BE3, BE4].

(RU) Denmark

Numbers are not available since the statistics on Doctoral (PhD) students is reported combined across the entire field of Natural or Technical Sciences.

(RU) Denmark

Numbers are not available since the statistics on Doctoral (PhD) students is reported combined across the entire field of Natural or Technical Sciences.

(RU) France

Statistics reported covers only public higher education institutions supervised by the Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation (Ministère de l’Enseignement supérieur, de la Recherche et de l’Innovation) which are granted to deliver national diplomas (diplômes nationaux) [FR1]. The data from private higher education institutions (e.g. École Pour l'Informatique et les Techniques Avancées - EPITA, etc.) and institutions supervised by other Ministries (e.g. École Polytechnique, Institut Mines Télécom, etc.) which represent approximately 10% of all reputable Informatics higher education institutions in France is not available.

(RU) France

Statistics reported covers only public higher education institutions supervised by the Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation (Ministère de l’Enseignement supérieur, de la Recherche et de l’Innovation) which are granted to deliver national diplomas (diplômes nationaux) [FR1]. The data from private higher education institutions (e.g. École Pour l'Informatique et les Techniques Avancées - EPITA, etc.) and institutions supervised by other Ministries (e.g. École Polytechnique, Institut Mines Télécom, etc.) which represent approximately 10% of all reputable Informatics higher education institutions in France is not available.

(RU) Greece

Minor corrections were made to PhD student data for 2020/21 following error identification.

(RU) Greece

Minor corrections were made to PhD student data for 2020/21 following error identification.

(RU) Iceland

The significant increase in the number of PhD students since 2019/20 was mainly due to expanded external research funding (e.g., Horizon 2020 funding programme) and a substantial rise in PhD positions financed through departmental funds.

(RU + UAS) Iceland

The significant increase in the number of PhD students since 2019/20 was mainly due to expanded external research funding (e.g., Horizon 2020 funding programme) and a substantial rise in PhD positions financed through departmental funds.

(RU) Ireland

Since the 2019/20 academic year, numbers shown are rounded to the nearest 5.

(UAS) Ireland

Since the 2019/20 academic year, numbers shown are rounded to the nearest 5.

(RU + UAS) Ireland

Since the 2019/20 academic year, numbers shown are rounded to the nearest 5.

(RU) Latvia

Studies aiming at a PhD degree offered by Research Universities (Zinātnes universitātes) as defined by the 2024 government decree [LV2]. Prior to this, no formal distinction existed between Research Universities and Universities of Applied Sciences, and all higher education institutions (HEIs) were classified under the Research University category in our previous reports and data portal. From 2024 onwards, the official distinction has been adopted and the portal updated to reflect this change. As a result, data prior to the 2023/24 academic year is now shown as n.a. for separate RU and UAS categories and appears instead as combined for RU & UAS.

(UAS) Latvia

Studies aiming at a PhD degree offered by Universities of Applied Sciences (Lietišķo zinātņu universitāte) as defined by the 2024 government decree [LV2]. Prior to this, no formal distinction existed between Research Universities and Universities of Applied Sciences, and all higher education institutions (HEIs) were classified under the Research University category in our previous reports and data portal. From 2024 onwards, the official distinction has been adopted and the portal updated to reflect this change. As a result, data prior to the 2023/24 academic year is now shown as n.a. for separate RU and UAS categories and appears instead as combined for RU & UAS.

(RU) Lithuania

Numbers are not available since the statistics on Doctoral (PhD) students is reported combined across the entire field of Technological sciences [LT3].

(RU) Lithuania

Numbers are not available since the statistics on Doctoral (PhD) students is reported combined across the entire field of Technological sciences [LT3].

(RU) Netherlands

Numbers are not available since the statistics on Doctoral (PhD) students is reported across the entire field of Engineering or Natural Sciences [NE4].

(RU) Netherlands

Numbers are not available since the statistics on Doctoral (PhD) students is reported across the entire field of Engineering or Natural Sciences [NE4].

(RU) Norway

Numbers are rounded to the nearest 5 [NO3]. Minor corrections were made to PhD student data for 2010/11 to 2022/23 following error identification.

(UAS) Norway

Significant variations in the female percentage of Doctoral (PhD) students can be better understood considering that the number of Doctoral (PhD) students in all cases is quite small and therefore small variations in the absolute numbers reflect on a strong variation in the percentages. Numbers are rounded to the nearest 5 [NO3]. Minor corrections were made to PhD student data for 2012/13 to 2022/23 following error identification.

(RU + UAS) Norway

Numbers are rounded to the nearest 5 [NO3]. Minor corrections were made to PhD student data for 2010/11 to 2022/23 following error identification.

(RU) Poland

Numbers are not available since the statistics on Doctoral (PhD) students is reported combined across the entire field of Technical sciences [PL1].

(RU) Poland

Numbers are not available since the statistics on Doctoral (PhD) students is reported combined across the entire field of Technical sciences [PL1].

(RU) Sweden

The numbers for Sweden include both universities (universitet, classified as RU in our definition) and university colleges (högskolor, classified as UAS in our definition). In other countries, except Poland (where RU and UAS institutions co-exist), data is reported separately for each type of institution.

(RU) UK

Numbers are not available since the statistics on Doctoral (Postgraduate research) students is reported combined with Master of Research (MRes) students [UK1].

(RU) UK

Numbers are not available since the statistics on Doctoral (Postgraduate research) students is reported combined with Master of Research (MRes) students [UK1].